Assessing Urban Flood Hazard Vulnerability Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making and Geospatial Techniques in Nabadwip Municipality, West Bengal in India

The flood hazard risks and vulnerability in the urban areas alongside major rivers of India have been gradually increasing due to extreme climatic events. present study is intended assess potential risk aims ascertain management strategies Nabadwip Municipality, a statutory area West Bengal. multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) selected criteria geospatial techniques employed determine area. has conducted using secondary datasets including relevant remotely sensed data participant observation. flood-affected zones determined normalized difference index (NDFI) (FVI). analysis standardized precipitation (SPI) 20 years monthly shows variability seasonal rainfall distribution Furthermore, spatial composite Ibrahim socio-economic development accents that was uneven. municipal wards situated central northeastern portions Municipality were extremely vulnerable, whereas western southwestern less vulnerable. It also revealed from strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–challenges (SWOC) principal situation unplanned sewerage system one most effective weaknesses All-embracing integrative need be implemented considering intra-regional for resilient sustainable